Ok thank you very much for your hint. It is working now. I wrote lv_obj_t *ta;
at the begining of my sourcecode, changed
lv_obj_t *ta = lv_ta_create(lv_scr_act(), NULL);
to
ta = lv_ta_create(lv_scr_act(), NULL);
And now printf("%s\n", lv_ta_get_text(ta));
is printing the desired results <3 <3
Even killing the textarea now works like a charm. Thank you very much @embeddedt!